Commands & Colors: Ancients Scenarios

List of All Scenarios (listed by scenario title)


2nd Beneventum (214 BC)

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Desperate for manpower to replace the losses at Cannae, the Romans found a unique solution. They formed two legions from slaves. They were given to…


Abritus (251 AD)

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After repeated incursions into Moesia and Dacia by the Goths under Cniva, the Roman Emperor Gaius Messius Quintus Decius (often called “Trajan…


Adrianople (378 AD)

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A collection of mostly Goth tribes with some allies petitioned Valens to be allowed land and foederati status to escape the Huns. Valens badly needed…


Adrianople (378 AD)

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A collection of mostly Goth tribes with some allies petitioned Valens to be allowed land and foederati status to escape the Huns. Valens badly needed…


Adys (256 BC)

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Following the Battle of Agrigentum, the Carthaginian leaders decided to avoid pitched battles and instead fall back on fortified posts, while…


Agathocles Tower (204 BC)

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When Scipio Africanus invaded Africa in 204 BC, Carthage was caught without a field army. Carthage entrusted its immediate defense to Hanno son of…


Agrigentum (262 BC)

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The First Punic War began when Rome decided to invade Sicily in 264. Chartage, unprepared, scrambled to raise an army under Hannibal Gisgo. By 262…


Akragas (406 BC)

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The Carthaginians on their third invasion of Sicily laid siege to the city of Acragas. The Syracusans under the command of general Daphnaeus marched…


Amphipolis (422 BC)

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In 424 BC, the Spartan general Brasidas led an army toward Thrace to threaten the only accessible part of the Athenian Empire. He reached Thrace and…


Anapus River (415 BC)

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In 415 BC Athens and Sparta were still under the Peace of Nicias, when the Sicilian city of Segesta requested help from Athens in their war against…


Angrivarii Rampart (16 AD)

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Following the catastrophe at the Teutoburger Wald, Augustus dispatched a series of punitive expeditions into Germany. In 14 AD, Tiberius became…


Anthony's Siege Train (36 BC)

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Fresh from his dalliance with Cleopatra, Antony set out to conquer the Parthian empire, following a battle plan he discussed years before with Caesar.…


Aquae Sextiae (102 BC)

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Following the disaster at Aruasio in 105 BC, Rome elected Marius as Consul to deal with the emergency. He was granted a reprieve as the Teutones and…


Arausio (105 BC)

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Following the Punic Wars, Rome set out to consolidate the territories it had captured beyond the Alps. At the same time a major migration by the…


Arausio (105 BC)

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Following the Punic Wars, Rome set out to consolidate the territories it had captured beyond the Alps. At the same time, a major migration by the…


Argentoratum (357 AD)

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Julian, the young cousin of the Emperor Constantius, has been named to recover the situation in the West after a short civil war opened the frontier…


Asculum (279 BC)

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Pyrrhus of Epirus nearly doubled the size of his army after his victory at Heraclea with Greeks, Samnites and Lucanians flocking to his standard.…


Baecula (208 BC)

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Publius Cornelius Scipio inherited his slain father’s bravery, but he also had the intelligence to modify standard Roman tactical doctrine. As he…


Baetis River (80 BC)

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Quintus Sertorius was a Roman noble who gained a reputation as a skillful military commander in the wars with the Cimbri and Teutones, and then in the…


Bagradas (253 BC)

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The Romans are on the verge of defeating Carthage and ending the First Punic War. Regulus and a veteran Roman army have landed in Africa, and though…


Bagradas (253 BC)

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The Romans are on the verge of defeating Carthage and ending the First Punic War. Regulus and a veteran Roman army landed in Africa, and, though…


Bagradas River (49 BC)

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King Juba of Numidia continued to support the Pompeians, even after Varus’ defeat at Utica. Curio led his Caesarian army after Varus, catching up with…


Beneventum (275 BC)

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After the battle of Asculum, Pyrrhus left Italy for a three-year campaign in Sicily. Although he defeated the Carthaginians in every battle, he could…


Beneventum (275 BC)

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After the battle of Asculum, Pyrrhus left Italy for a three-year campaign in Sicily. Although he defeated the Carthaginians in every battle, he could…


Bibracte (58 BC)

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Gaius Julius Caesar, an ambitious Roman noble, had entered into a political alliance with Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, which became…


Boudica's Revolt (61 AD)

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While many of the tribes of Britain resisted Rome until they were conquered and crushed, a few tribes, like the Iceni, formed pacts with the Romans to…


Brindisi Raid (48 BC)

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While Julius Caesar was campaigning in Spain, Gnaeus Pompey was building a new army in Greece. After returning to Italy, Caesar made a risky January…


Bruttium (71 BC)

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Spartacus retreated through Lucania into Bruttium and toward the sea. He encamped at Rhegium where he attempted to gain passage to Sicily with the…


Camalatrum (71 BC)

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After Spartacus escaped the Roman siege in Bruttium, the Gallic section of his slave army moved separately under the command of Cannicus and Castus.…


Camulodunum (60 AD)

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Queen Boudica led her army of rebels, predominantly Iceni and Trinovantes, to Camulodunum, once the Trinovante capital and now the Roman capital after…


Cannae (216 BC)

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Now, fully aware of the threat posed by Hannibal, the Romans assembled a truly large army, perhaps up to 80,000 strong, led by two consuls and two…


Cannae (216 BC)

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Finally aware of the true threat posed by Hannibal, the Romans assembled a truly large army, perhaps up to 80,000 strong, lead by two consuls and two…


Caralis (215 BC)

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Sardinia had been a Carthaginian province for centuries until the turmoil of the Truceless War (241-238) allowed Rome to opportunistically seize the…


Carrhae (53 BC)

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Along with Pompey and Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus formed the secret “Triumvirate” which all but controlled Rome. Reputedly the richest man…


Carthage (238 AD)

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In 235 AD, the Roman army in Germany mutinied and murdered the last Severan emperor, Alexander Severus, after a reign of fourteen years. This led to…


Castrum Album (214 BC)

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Following the defeat at Iliturgi, the Carthaginians made an unsuccessful attempt against Intibili, and then withdrew to the south. Early in the spring…


Castulo (211 BC)

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Time runs out for Publius Scipio. After several years of unbroken successes, the Scipio brothers rashly divide their armies to defeat the…


Cefn Carnedd (51 AD)

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The Roman conquest of Britain had been underway for four years when a new Roman commander, Publius Ostorius Scapula, was assigned to the province in…


Celtiberia (207 BC)

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Following the Battle of Baecula, Hasdrubal and Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco gathered for a council of war in 208 BC. They decided that Hasdrubal…


Chaeronea (338 BC)

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Philip II gained the throne of Macedon in 359 BC and re-organized his army into a combined arms force. He then set on a long diplomatic and military…


Cibalae (314 AD)

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In the years after Milvian Bridge, Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority. Licinius emerged as Constantine’s chief rival. After…


Cilician Gates (39 BC)

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After his victory at Philippi, Mark Antony was intent on waging war against the Parthians and avenging the defeat at Carrhae. Anthony sent Pubulius…


Cirta (203 BC)

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Following his victory at Agathocles' Tower, Scipio Africanus was penned in when Hasdrubal Gisgo and Syphax arrived with two large armies. Unable to…


Cissa (218 BC)

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As the Second Punic War began (218 BC), Hannibal first conquered northern Spain. Before heading to Italy, he left his brother Hasdrubal with about…


Clastidium (222 BC)

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Not content with the slaughter of the Gauls at Telamon, the Romans launched a series of punitive expeditions into Cisalpine Gaul over the next three…


Clusium (225 BC)

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The Cisalpine Gauls (those living south of the Alps) had sacked Rome in 390 BC and fought intermittently with Rome for the next 150 years. After a…


Clusium (225 BC)

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The Cisalpine Gauls (those living south of the Alps) had sacked Rome in 390 BC and fought intermittently with Rome for the next 150 years. After a…


Colline Gate (82 BC)

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Lucius Cornelius Sulla became the leader of the “optimates” faction in the civil war with the “populares” led by Gaius Marius. Sulla seized Rome in 88…


Coronea (394 BC)

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After the battle of Nemea, Agesilaus was moving south into Boeotia with an army of helots and veterans of the Ten Thousand, reinforced by some Spartan…


Crimissos River (341 BC)

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The Carthaginians learned from earlier defeats in Sicily that they had to field reliable, trained heavy infantry of their own. They formed the Sacred…


Crimissos River (341 BC)

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Rather than pursue Darius after the victory at Issus (333), Alexander turned south to neutralize the Persian fleet. In a two-year campaign he captured…


Crocus Plain (352 BC)

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In 359 BC, Philip became king of Macedon. As a youth he had been a hostage in Thebes, where he observed the innovations of Epaminondas. Applying these…


Cronium (376 BC)

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In 410 BC, Carthage invaded Greek Sicily, ending seventy years of peace. In the turmoil surrounding the Punic invasion, Dionysius I was able to…


Cynoscephalae (197 BC)

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Victory in the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) established Rome as the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean. Since Philip V of Macedon had allied…


Delium (424 BC)

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The first great Hoplite battle of the Peloponnesian War was fought between Athens and Boeotia. The Athenians formed a plot with some Boeotian…


Dertosa (215 BC)

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After Cannae, Rome struggled to rebuild its armies, but needed time. In Spain, Hannibal’s brother Hasdrubal commanded an army large enough to possibly…


Dertosa (Ebro) (215 BC)

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After Cannae, Rome struggled to rebuild its armies, but needed time. In Spain, Hannibal’s brother Hasdrubal commanded an army large enough to possibly…


Dyrrhachium (48 BC)

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Julius Caesar crossed the Adriatic with seven depleted legions in order to confront Gnaeus Pompey’s main army and bring the civil war to an end.…


Edessa (259 AD)

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The Battle of Edessa was another round in the on-going Roman- Persian Wars. In 258, Shapur I, King of Sassanid Persia invaded Roman territory,…


EPIC Asculum (279 BC)

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Pyrrhus of Epirus nearly doubled the size of his army after his victory at Heraclea with allied Greeks, Samnites and Lucanians flocking to his…


EPIC Leuctra (371 BC)

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Sparta’s victory in the Peloponnesian War (431-404) over Athens cemented the reputation of her hoplites as the premier infantry force in the world.…


Fano (271 AD)

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After his serious defeat at the Battle of Placentia at the hands of the Alemanni, Emperor Aurelian rallied and re-grouped his troops and started in…


First Bedriacum (69 AD)

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The “year of four emperors” (68-69 AD) began when Nero, the last member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, committed suicide to avoid execution. Servius…


Foraging Party (54 BC)

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When Caesar resumed his march inland, the Britons united under their newly appointed leader, Cassivellaunus. He ordered his troops to avoid pitched…


Gabiene (316 BC)

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After Paraitacene in 317, Eumenes was desperately trying to keep the united Empire of Alexander alive for his heirs. The following year, Antigonus…


Gaugamela (331 BC)

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Rather than pursue Darius after the victory at Issus (333), Alexander turned south to neutralize the Persian fleet. In a two-year campaign he captured…


Gaugamela (331 BC)

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Having gained control over all of the known civilized world, Alexander ventured into India in 326 BC. He met Resistance from Porus at the River…


Gergovia (52 BC)

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Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul in just six years of campaigning (58-53 BC). However, in 52 BC most of the tribes of Gaul rose in a general revolt.…


Granicus (334 BC)

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Alexander succeeded his father in 336 BC, and after securing control of Macedon and the other Greek states, he marched east to challenge the Persian…


Great Plains (203 BC)

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Scipio, the victor of Baecula and Ilipa, has led his battle-hardened army to Africa, and has placed the city of Utica under siege. The Great Numidian…


Hellespont (323 BC)

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Alexander's death in 323 BC threw his empire into a state of political and military turmoil, with his generals and governors claiming independent…


Heraclea (280 BC)

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As a youth, Pyrrhus of Epirus served as a lieutenant under the Diadochi, including Demetrius and Ptolemy. In 297 BC he regained his ancestral kingdom,…


Himera (480 BC)

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Phoenicia and Greece both colonized the western Mediterranean. Carthage unified the Punic cities into an empire, while Syracuse rose to become the…


Himeras River (211 BC)

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Western Sicily had been a Carthaginian province for centuries, until Rome captured it in the First Punic War. Hannibal sent an agent, Epicydes, to…


Hormuz (226 AD)

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Around 220 AD Ardashir I, a Persian vassal, considered the state of the Parthian Empire. Ardashir knew about dissensions in the Parthian royal house…


Hydaspes (326 BC)

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Having gained control over all of the known civilized world, Alexander ventured into India in 326 BC. He met Resistance from Porus at the River…


Hydaspes (326 BC)

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By 318 BC the Successors had formed two competing alliances: the “Royalists” who claimed to fight to maintain the empire for Alexander’s infant sons,…


Hysiae (669 BC)

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King Darius I of Persia sent an expedition against Athens in reprisal for the burning of Sardes in 498 BC during the failed Ionian Revolt. The Persian…


Ilerda (49 BC)

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After driving Gnaeus Pompey from Italy, Julius Caesar moved against Pompey’s forces in Spain. Caesar had sent Gaius Fabius ahead to secure the passes…


Ilipa (206 BC)

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Hasdrubal’s departure left only two Carthaginian armies in Spain under mediocre commanders (Hasdrubal – yes another one, and Mago). Scipio made steady…


Ilipa (206 BC)

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Hasdrubal's departure to join Hannibal in Italy left only two Carthaginian armies in Spain under mediocre commanders (Hasdrubal yes another one, and…


Iliturgi (215 BC)

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Following the decisive victory of the Scipio brothers at Dertosa (215), Carthage sent out 13,500 reinforcements for Hasdrubal Barca under his brother…


Immae (272 AD)

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The Palmyrene Empire (260–273) consisted of the (former) eastern Roman provinces of Syria, Palestine, and large parts of Asia Minor. This breakaway…


Indus (306 BC)

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Seleucus of Syria crossed the Indus in 306 to recapture the Ganges Valley that had been overrun by the Mauryan king, Chandragupta. Using a cavalry…


Invasion of Britain (55 BC)

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With most of Gaul under his control, Caesar saw a need to pacify the nearby British coast, lest this island serve as a sanctuary and base for…


Ipsus (301 BC)

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By 309 BC, all of Alexander’s heirs had been executed. The Successors ended the pretense of fighting for the restoration of the empire, and proclaimed…


Issus (194 AD)

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The Roman Empire lacked an accepted institutional system of succession whenever an emperor died. This typically led to multiple claimants to the…


Issus (333 BC)

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After the battle of Granicus River, Darius assembled a new army near Babylon while Alexander overran Asia Minor. Darius advanced into Syria to await…


Jaxartes River (328 BC)

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By 329 BC Alexander had completed the subjugation of the eastern Persian satraps, and his army was building a new city, Alexandria Eschate, on the…


Lake Trasimenus (217 BC)

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Much of Hannibal’s “genius” for warfare lay in his ability to take the measure of his opponents’ abilities and intentions. His opponent in 217 BC was…


Lake Trasimenus (217 BC)

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Much of Hannibal’s “genius” for warfare lay in his ability to take the measure of his opponents’ abilities and intentions. His opponent in 217 BC was…


Lauron (76 BC)

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Quintus Sertorius defeated a series of Roman generals and nearly all of Spain joined his rebellion. He solidified his support through a just…


Lechaeum (391 BC)

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The Spartan commander at Lechaeum, honoring the tradition of the Amyclaeans in his army to return to their city of Amyclae to celebrate a religious…


Leuctra (371 BC)

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Sparta’s victory over Athens in the Peloponnesian War (431- 404) cemented the reputation of her hoplites as the premier infantry force in the world.…


Leuctra (371 BC)

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Sparta’s victory over Athens in the Peloponnesian War (431-404) cemented the reputation of her hoplites as the premier infantry force in the world.…


Lugdunum (197 AD)

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The civil war that began with the “year of the five emperors” continued. Septimus Severus, after defeating Pescennius Niger at Issus (194), now turned…


Magnesia (190 BC)

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Following his defeat at Raphia, Antiochus III campaigned continuously to restore his empire. He re-conquered Asia Minor, Armenia, Parthia and Bactria.…


Mantinea (362 BC)

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Thebes’ shocking victory at Leuctra in (371) had ended the Spartan hegemony over Greece. Epaminondas then organized the Arcadian League of cities in…


Mantinea (362 BC)

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Thebes’ shocking victory at Leuctra in 371 had ended the Spartan hegemony over Greece. Epaminondas then organized the Arcadian League of cities in the…


Mantinea (418 BC)

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Ironically, the greatest Hoplite battle of the Peloponnesian War was fought during the Peace of Nicias (421-415). Athens was able to forge an…


Marathon (490 BC)

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King Darius I of Persia sent an expedition against Athens in reprisal for the burning of Sardes in 498 BC during the failed Ionian Revolt. The Persian…


Marathon (490 BC)

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The Persian emperor Xerxes I led a massive invasion of Greece to avenge the defeat of his father’s forces at Marathon. After annihilating the 300…


Medway (43 AD)

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In 43 AD, Aulus Plautius led an expedition of four legions to Britain. His army advanced with only minor skirmishing as far as Rutupiae on the coast…


Megalopolis (331 BC)

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Sparta had stood on the sidelines while Athens and Thebes battled Macedon at Chaeronea. As the Macedonian army plunged ever deeper into Asia, King…


Metaurus (207 BC)

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In 207 BC Rome has a big problem—Hasdrubal and his army from Spain are in northern Italy, advancing to combine with Hannibal and possibly win the war.…


Milvian Bridge (312 AD)

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While emperor Diocletian’s “Tetrarchy” system of shared power maintained calm for 20 years, eventually rivalries took over again. In 306 Maxentius…


Mona Insulis (60 AD)

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The island of Anglesey (Ynys Mon to the Welsh and Mona Insulis to the Romans), rich in grain and copper mines, became a refuge for several tribes…


Mons Graupius (84 AD)

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After years of campaigns in northern Britain, Gnaeus Julius Agricola subdued all the tribes except the fierce Caledonians. Agricola maneuvered to…


Mt Garganus (72 BC)

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Spartacus was an able strategist, and he knew that his rag-tag army could not expect to defy Rome indefinitely. Spartacus planned to escape from Roman…


Mt Vesuvius (73 BC)

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The greatest slave revolt against Rome was led by a gladiator named Spartacus. He was a Thracian slave, trained as a gladiator by his owner, Lentulus…


Mummius Defeat (72 BC)

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In the autumn of 72 BC, Marcus Licinius Crassus was chosen by the Senate to lead the war against Spartacus’ slave army. Crassus, a leading politician,…


Munda (45 BC)

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Following Julius Caesar’s victory at Thapsus, the remnants of the Pompeian army under Titus Labienus fled to Spain. Here, the garrison legions had…


Munychia (404 BC)

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Thrasybulus and the Athenian exiles marched from Phyle to the port city of Piraeus. The next day, oligarchic forces under the command of Critias, one…


Mycale (479 BC)

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In the spring of 479 BC, various Ionian cities began a revolt against their Persian rulers, and soon were forced to turn to the Greek mainland for…


Naissus (268 AD)

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The Goths, a Germanic people, were migrating southward and crossed the Roman frontier in the province of Pannonia. The emperor Gallienus, fresh from…


Nemea (394 BC)

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After the Theban victory at the battle of Haliartus, Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos joined together in an anti-Spartan alliance. Aristodemus was…


Nisibis (217 AD)

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For centuries, Rome and Parthia contended for dominance in the Middle East. Nisibis 217 AD was a three-day battle with the Romans led by their new…


Olpae (426 BC)

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During the Second, or Great, Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) the Athenians recognized their inferiority to Sparta in land warfare, and chose to fight…


Orongis (212 BC)

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Mago Barca began the Second Punic War as a subordinate commander under his brother Hannibal. In 215 he was given command of his own army, and sent to…


Panormus (250 BC)

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Following the disaster at Bagradas only a few hundred of Regulus’ men ever made it back to Rome. But they were enough to spread the horrible stories…


Paraitacene (317 BC)

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By 318 BC the Successors had formed two competing alliances: the ‘Royalists’ who claimed to fight to maintain the empire for Alexander’s infant sons,…


Paraitacene (317 BC)

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After the battle of Asculum, Pyrrhus left Italy for a three-year campaign in Sicily. Although he defeated the Carthaginians in every battle, he could…


Paraitacene (317 BC)

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By 318 BC the Successors had formed two competing alliances: the ‘Royalists’ who claimed to fight to maintain the empire for Alexander’s infant sons,…


Pavia (271 AD)

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After the victory at Fano, Emperor Aurelian sent his troops in pursuit of the defeated Alemanni horde, which was racing back to its homeland. Aurelian…


Pharsalus (48 BC)

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After Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar pulled back to regroup his army. Gnaeus Pompey failed to follow up his victory and pursued slowly. After a winter of…


Philippi I (42 BC)

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Caesar’s assassination plunged the Roman world into chaos and civil war. On one side was the Second Triumvirate of Mark Anthony, Aemilius Lepidus, and…


Philippi II (42 BC)

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After the first battle of Philippi, a fleet bringing supplies to Anthony and Octavian’s army was destroyed and supplies for the Triumvirate legions…


Phyle (404 BC)

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Following Athens’ defeat in the Peloponnesian War, the victorious Spartans imposed an oligarchic government on the city which became known as the…


Picenum (72 BC)

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Following the defeat of his lieutenant Crixus, Spartacus continued north for the Alps, passing through Picenum. Two Roman armies moved against him.…


Piraeus (403 BC)

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After the Thirty were deposed, the new government, although more moderate, was not ready to compromise with the Athenian exiles, who now held the…


Placentia (271 AD)

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Aurelian became emperor in 270, and is remembered as one of the “soldier-emperors” who restored the empire after its near collapse. During his…


Plain of Alsace (58 BC)

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Ariovistus was the chief of the Germanic Suebi tribe. He led his tribesmen across the Rhine into Gaul at the invitation of some warring Gallic tribes.…


Plataea (479 BC)

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The Persian emperor Xerses I led a massive invasion of Greece to avenge the defeat of his father’s forces at Marathon. After annihilating the 300…


Plataea (479 BC)

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The Carthaginians learned from earlier defeats in Sicily that they had to field reliable, trained heavy infantry of their own. They formed the Sacred…


Plataea (479 BC)

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The Persian emperor Xerxes I led a massive invasion of Greece to avenge the defeat of his father’s forces at Marathon. After annihilating the 300…


Po River (203 BC)

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Following Scipio’s victory at Ilipa in 206 Mago once again sailed to the Balearic Isles to recruit mercenaries. Then, rather than fall back to Africa,…


Pydna (168 BC)

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The Roman victory at Cynoscephalae (197) had humbled, but not eliminated, the Macedonian army. As the reality of Roman world domination became clear,…


Raphia (217 BC)

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The Wars of the Successors led to the establishment of three Hellenistic Kingdoms: the Antigonids (Macedon), the Ptolemies (Egypt) and the Seleucids…


Raphia (217 BC)

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The Wars of the Successors led to the establishment of three Hellenistic Kingdoms: the Antigonids (Macedon), the Ptolemies (Egypt), and the Seleucids…


River Centrites (401 BC)

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After the battle of Cunaxa, the Ten Thousand chose Cheirisophus and Xenophon as leaders. Xenophon led an organized retreat through Carducia and…


River Sabis (57 BC)

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Gaius Julius Caesar formed a political alliance with Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus that became known as the “First Triumvirate.” Caesar obtained…


River Stour (54 BC)

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In 54 BC, Caesar launched a second invasion of Britain which was better planned and far more formidable than the first one. The invasion force…


Ruspina (46 BC)

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Following his victory over Pharnaces at Zela, Julius Caesar returned to Rome where a crisis was brewing – the surviving veterans had grown very…


Scirthaea (103 BC)

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The fiercest Slave revolt outbreak, before Spartacus, was known as the Second Sicilian Slave War (104-100 BC). Publius Licinius Nerva, governor of…


Sepeia (494 BC)

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Cleomenes I of Sparta, inspired by the words of the oracle at Delphi that he would take Argos, marched into Argive territory. It was here that the…


Silarus (71 BC)

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Spartacus found his army trapped between the armies of Marcus Licinius Crassus to his front and Gnaeus Pompey, approaching from the rear. Crassus had…


Sotium (56 BC)

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Following two years of successful campaigning, Caesar believed he had pacified southern and western Gaul and left for Illyria. Sensing an opportunity,…


Sphacteria (425 BC)

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After the Battle of Pylos, a force of Spartan soldiers was isolated on the island of Sphacteria. Demosthenes, commanding the force at Pylos, initially…


Sucro (75 BC)

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Gnaeus Pompey had regained his confidence after his victory at Valentia, and now moved quickly to engage Quintus Sertorius before Quintus Caecilius…


Tanagra (457 BC)

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The First Peloponnesian War (460-445 BC) broke out due to Megara’s defection from the Spartan alliance, and Spartan envy and fear over the growth of…


Tegyra (375 BC)

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In 379 BC, an insurrection ejected the Spartan garrison at Thebes, and the city set about reestablishing its control over the Boeotian League. After…


Telamon (225 BC)

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Aenorestes and Concolitanus retreated northwards, pursued by Aemilius Papus with about 30,000 troops. It looked like the Gauls would escape with their…


Teutoburger Wald P1 (9 AD)

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Julius Caesar had established Rome’s northeast boundary as the Rhine River a half century earlier. But the Emperor Caesar Augustus decided to extend…


Teutoburger Wald P2 (9 AD)

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Throughout the first day of battle, German attacks had harassed the disjointed Roman column as they struggled along. That night Varus’ men constructed…


Thapsus (46 BC)

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Following his set-back at Ruspina, Julius Caesar spent some time regrouping before making a surprise night march of 16 miles and camping near the…


Thermopylae - Grand Overview (480 BC)

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King Xerxes desired to punish the Athenians for his father’s defeat at Marathon and their support for Ionian revolts. He planned a second invasion of…


Thermopylae - Middle Gate (480 BC)

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King Xerxes desired to punish the Athenians for his father’s defeat at Marathon and their support for Ionian revolts. He planned a second invasion of…


Thyreatis (545 BC)

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Sparta and Argos were quarreling over Thyreatis, a territory which was occupied by Sparta, but belonged to Argos. The Argives marched out to recover…


Ticinus River (218 BC)

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Hannibal has completed his epic march across the Alps, but has lost fully half of his soldiers in doing so. The Consul in Southern Gaul, Publius…


Tigranocerta (69 BC)

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Mithridates VI of Pontus challenged Rome for control of Asia Minor and Greece while the Romans were distracted in the Italian War. Although Rome…


Trebbia (218 BC)

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After the battle at the Ticinus River, Hannibal soon faced an entire Roman army under the Consul Sempronius. As vain as he was inept, Sempronius…


Umbria (217 BC)

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Even as one Roman army under Flaminius was being butchered by Hannibal’s troops at Lake Trasimenus in 217 BC, his colleague Gnaeus Servilius Geminus…


Utica P1 Delaying Action (49 BC)

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The First Triumverate of Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar collapsed soon after Crassus was defeated and killed by the Parthians at Carrhae in 53 BC.…


Utica P2 The Valley (49 BC)

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Caesar had sent his general, Gaius Curio, to attack Pompey’s lieutenant, Attius Varus, in Africa. Varus was in camp below the walls of Utica. When a…


Valentia (75 BC)

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In the campaigns fought in Spain following the battle of Lauron, Quintus Sertorius proved to be a superior general to Gnaeus Pompey. However, Pompey…


Vercellae (101 BC)

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Following his victory over the Teutons and Ambrones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae, Gaius Marius moved east to join Quintus Lutatius Catulus against…


Zama (202 BC)

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Carthage is on the verge of defeat. Spain has been lost. Scipio has landed in Africa and beaten a large, but inexperienced, Carthaginian army at the…


Zama (202 BC)

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Carthage is on the verge of defeat. Spain has been lost, Scipio has landed in Africa and beaten a large, but inexperienced, Carthaginian army at the…


Zela (47 BC)

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Following his decisive victory at Pharsalus, Julius Caesar pursued Gnaeus Pompey to Egypt. Pompey was assassinated, effectively ending the civil war…

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